J Biol Chem 1996
If your cardiovascular markers haven't budged despite months of supplementing, the dose, the quality, and what's actually inside the capsule are almost certainly the problem
This same study showed that astaxanthins effects are due to its inhibition of collagenases (the enzymes that break down collagen), impacting inflammatory mediators, ROS reduction and resulting in potent anti-wrinkle and antioxidant effects.[vii] If all of this isnt convincing enough, NASA is now evaluating the growth and use of HP in space for many potential benefits, of which the effects of radiation exposure is key [viii]
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For people with genetic variants that cause more of an impact on CYP1B1 upregulation combined with an inability to eliminate the estrogen metabolites fast enough (due to phase II genes, diet, and lifestyle) then cigarette smoking is going to significantly increase the bad estrogen metabolites
They are not intended for human use and have not been evaluated by the FDA for diagnosing, treating, curing, or preventing any disease